戦後日本の平和・民主主義・自治の論点ーー小林直樹憲法学との「対話」に向けて The Issues of Peace, Democracy, and Local Self-Government in Post-War Japan: Towards Dialogue with Naoki KOBAYASHIʼs Constitutional Theory

English Below

河上暁弘/著(敬文堂、2022年6月)
ISBN978-4-7670-0250-7
A5判・385頁

本の概要

本書は、憲法をめぐる「現実」の動態的分析や憲法政策論の必要性などを唱えて学界をリードしてきた憲法学者・小林直樹の理論を参照しそれと「対話」しながら、戦後日本の平和・民主主義・自治の論点について歴史的・構造的に考察したものです。

小林直樹(1921年10月3日 ― 2020年2月8日)は、日本国憲法第9条が規定する非武装・非軍事の平和方式を、単なる人類的理想であるとか、あるいは敗戦を経験した日本国民が二度と戦争に巻き込まれたくないという厭戦感情を表明したものとしてのみ位置づけるのではなく、核時代・地球時代の現代においては、軍事的安全保障方式と比較して、国民の生命を守り人類共滅を回避する上で、相対的優位性を持った「現実的」な政策であるとして一貫して支持し、その理念を実現する政策論を提起してきたことでも知られています。

小林は、美濃部達吉、宮沢俊義と続く東大(東京帝国大学・東京大学)法学部の憲法講座を受け継いだ、戦後日本を代表する憲法学者の一人であり、護憲運動でもその理論において指導的な役割を果たしたことでも知られます。研究者としては、憲法解釈論のみならず、憲法の原理論(憲法の法理学)、憲法の動態分析(憲法社会学、憲法政治学)や憲法政策論に関する膨大な研究があります(単著だけでも実に27冊に及びます[単著の教科書を含む])。

本書でとりあげられている論点は、たとえば、自身の戦争体験・軍隊体験を踏まえた軍隊の本質論、戦後民主化・憲法制定過程、60年安保と砂川訴訟、国民主権論(尾高朝雄と宮沢俊義、杉原泰雄と樋口陽一の各論争の評価を含む)、象徴天皇制論、長沼ナイキ訴訟・百里基地訴訟などの自衛隊訴訟と平和的生存権論、家永三郎教科書検定違憲訴訟や「大学紛争」の経験も踏まえた「人権としての教育」論、「憲法政策としての平和」論、自衛隊違憲合法論、川崎市都市憲章条例・川崎市平和館の経験も踏まえた地方自治論、冷戦後の国際貢献論・自衛隊海外派遣論・改憲論、核・環境破壊・資源食糧エネルギー問題などの「世界問題」と世界連邦論など多岐にわたります。

権力や時代に迎合することなく、現実の鋭利な分析と理念を具体化する構想を示し続けてきた小林憲法学と向き合うことは、今日的な平和の危機状況を克服する上で大いに参考となりうるのではないでしょうか。

目次

はじめに

第 1章 小林直樹の戦争・軍隊体験―戦争の実態と旧帝国軍隊の特質

第 2章 「8・15」と新憲法の制定

第 3章 小林直樹の先行研究と平和・民主主義論

第 4章 戦後民主主義の試練(逆コース・日米安保条約)

第 5章 激動の1970年代と憲法平和主義・憲法訴訟

第 6章 1980年代の憲法状況と憲法政策としての平和

第 7章 地方自治と市民自治型民主主義

第 8章 冷戦後の憲法状況と21世紀の課題

The Issues of Peace, Democracy, and Local Self-Government in Post-War Japan: Towards Dialogue with Naoki KOBAYASHIʼs Constitutional Theory

Edited by Akihiro Kawakami,
Published in June 2022 by Keibundo
ISBN 978-4-7670-0250-7

Book Description

In this book, the author, Akihiro KAWAKAMI (Professor of HPI) held a “dialogue” with Naoki Kobayashi regarding the theories he presented about the Constitution. This book presented historical and structural discussions about the issues of peace, democracy, and local self-government in post-war Japan, will trigger extensive research on Naoki Kobayashi’s studies of the constitution law.

Naoki Kobayashi (October 3, 1921―February 8, 2020), who was a very famous and brilliant constitutional scholar in Japan. Kobayashi consistently supported the peace policy based on demilitarization, which is stipulated in the Article 9 of the Constitution of Japan. Rather than considering that this policy reflected a merely humanistic and idealistic view or the antipathy to war embraced by the Japanese people who experienced defeat in World War II, Kobayashi regarded it as a realistic policy that had relative advantage over the a national security policy based on military systems, in protecting the lives of people and preventing the annihilation of humanity in this age of globalization and nuclear proliferation. Based on this view, Kobayashi advocated strategies to realize his vision.

Kobayashi, one of the leading constitutional scholars of post-war Japan, provided lectures on constitutional law at the Faculty of Law of the University of Tokyo (called Tokyo Imperial University until 1947). He succeeded the classes given by Prof. Tatsukichi Minobe and Toshiyoshi Miyazawa. Kobayashi is known for his leadership in providing theoretical background for the movement in support of the current Constitution. As a researcher, in addition to the hermeneutics of the Constitution, he engaged in extensive studies concerning the principle theory of the Constitution (jurisprudence of the Constitution), dynamic analysis of the Constitution (constitutional sociology and constitutional politics) and constitutional policies.

In the book, It was discussed a wide variety of topics including the nature of military forces based on wartime and military experiences; the processes of the post-war democratization and formulation of the new Constitution; the issues of the Japan-U.S. Security Treaty in 1960 and the case of the Sunagawa base lawsuit; the theory of popular sovereignty (including comments on controversies between Tomoo Odaka and Toshiyoshi Miyazawa, and between Yasuo Sugihara and Yoichi Higuchi); the issue of the emperor is the symbol of the state; lawsuits concerning the Self-Defense Forces, including the Naganuma Nike missile base case and Hyakuri base case, and right to live in peace; a vision of education as a human right based on the lawsuit regarding screening of the school textbook written by Saburo Ienaga and experiences of campus disputes; peace theory as a constitutional policy; theory on the Self-Defense Forces as unconstitutional but not illegal; theory on local self-government based on the experience related to the Kawasaki City Charter and Kawasaki Peace Museum; issues, including post-Cold-War international contribution, overseas dispatches of the Self-Defense Forces, amending of the Constitution, and global issues, including nuclear weapons, environmental destruction, and food and energy problems; and the concept of a World Federal Government.

Without pandering to authorities or social trends, Kobayashi consistently pursued accurate analysis of the present situation and sought the optimal ways to realize his visions. His studies of the Constitution can provide us with clues to overcome the present critical situation.