1. プロジェクトの概要
「呵責」の政治学と題した北東アジアにおける集合的記憶に関する本プロジェクトは、今なお過去の栄光と心の傷と格闘しているアジア諸国の人々の世界観、エートス（ethos）および記憶のダイナミックな相互作用を探求することを試みるものである。
集合的記憶の研究は、第一次世界大戦後、ヨーロッパで共通の価値観が崩れ、個々人が制度や習慣から疎外される中で始まった。
従来の研究には、歴史と追憶、記憶・忘却と受容、一致と対立、過去の回復と構築、実体を模索する方法論と実体に依拠した方法論、記憶の継続性と非継続性など、それぞれの関係テーマが含まれている。だが、これらは集合的記憶の特異性ではなく普遍性の解明を企図したため、行き詰まった。本プロジェクトは、北東アジアの特異性を詳しく探ることによって、自民族中心的な理論構築が習慣化している覇権的西欧学界から派生する諸問題を正すことを試みる。
集合的記憶の研究は、西欧に端を発し、西欧で構築され、主に西欧で実践されてきたために、その洞察と過剰は北東アジアの文化的価値観と経験に反するものとして正しく読み取る必要がある。
本プロジェクトの主たる目的は、国内および国家間の過去に関する現在の議論や合意点を明確にし、それらがいかに現在の集合的記憶の研究に有効かを見極めることである。問題点の背後には、集合的記憶の研究分野それ自体を行き詰まらせている文化的・歴史的背景が存在する。
本プロジェクトは、北東アジア社会が過去の記憶を内在化する方法を詳しく研究することによって、現在の集合的記憶の論議に特異な光を投げかけるものである。記憶とは文化的構築物であり、特殊な文化的背景と無関係に形成された普遍的な思考過程の副産物ではない。
*本プロジェクトの成果は、Mikyoung Kim and Barry Schwartz eds., Northeast Asia’s Difficult Past: Essays in Collective Memory (Palgrave Macmillan Memory Studies, 2010)としてまとめられ、出版された。
2. プロジェクトの詳細
・実施期間 ： 2005年4月～2007年3月
・第1回ワークショップ ： 2006年3月7～9日、広島
・第2回ワークショップ ： 2007年3月27～28日、米国
3. プロジェクトメンバー
Donald Baker ブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学助教授兼同大学韓国研究センター所長／カナダ
Bruce Cumings シカゴ大学教授／アメリカ
Julian Dierkes ブリティッシュ・コロンビア大学講師／カナダ
Gary Alan Fine ノースウェスタン大学教授／アメリカ
福岡和哉 ジョージア工科大学指導教官／アメリカ
橋本明子 ピッツバーグ大学助教授／アメリカ
Christine Kim ジョージアタウン大学講師／アメリカ
Tim Liao イリノイ大学教授／アメリカ
Xiaohua Ma 大阪教育大学助教授
Mike M. Mochizuki ジョージワシントン大学エリオットスクール助教授／アメリカ
Jeffrey Olick ヴァージニア大学助教授／アメリカ
Barry Schwartz ジョージア大学名誉教授／アメリカ
Lyn Spillman ノートルダム大学助教授／アメリカ
Jae-Jung Suh コーネル大学講師／アメリカ
Bin Xu ノースウェスタン大学大学院博士候補生／アメリカ
Xiaohong Xu エール大学大学院博士候補生／アメリカ
Guobin Yang バーナード大学助教授／アメリカ
吉田裕 ウェスタンミシガン大学講師／アメリカ
Gehui Zhang イリノイ大学大学院博士候補生／アメリカ
Libin Zhang イリノイ大学大学院博士候補生／アメリカ
金美景 広島平和研究所講師 (プロジェクトコーディネーター)
水本和実 広島平和研究所助教授 (プロジェクト監督)
Politics of Regret: Collective Memory in Northeast Asia
Outline
Thematic Description:
“A nation is a soul, a spiritual principle. Only two things, actually, constitute this soul, this spiritual principle…. One is the possession in common of a rich legacy of remembrances; the other is the actual consent, the desire to live together, the will to continue to value the heritage which all hold in common” (Ernest Renan [1887] 1947 I: 903). If such observation reveals much truth, we need to know more. If nations distinguishes themselves by what citizens remember about their past, we need to know how they remember collectively. How do they conceive the virtues and the sins of their common past?
The cognitive aspect of a culture, its “worldview,” is distinguishable from its evaluative, aesthetic, and emotional aspects – its “ethos.” The worldview of a people is their picture of the way things in sheer actuality are, their concept of nature, of self, of society. It contains their most comprehensive ideas of order. The ethos of a people, is in contrast, the tone, character, and quality of their life, its moral and aesthetic style and mood: it is the underlying attitude toward themselves and their world that life reflects (Geertz 1973: 127). Worldview rationalizes ethos; ethos instills worldview with affect. Worldview and ethos are inseparable and converge in every cultural realm, including philosophy, religion, ideology, political values, mythology, art, and collective memory.
The project on collective memory in East Asia, entitled as “Politics of Regret,” attempts to explore the dynamic interplay between worldviews, ethos and memories of the peoples of Asia who are still grappling with the past glories and wounds.
Contributions:
Collective memory study emerged in Europe after World War I as common values eroded and individuals became alienated from their institutions and traditions. Within this or any other world of change, memory becomes problematic. Any revolution, any rapid alteration of the givens of the present places a society’s connection with its history under pressure. This stress and eventual rupture of present and past can lead one to believe that memory preoccupies us because it no longer exists. To take this claim seriously is difficult, but how are we to avoid the pitfalls of “detraditionalization” perspectives while retaining their insights? At the same time, how can we avoid the perennial presence of the past as stated by William Faulkner: “the past is not dead; it is not even past.”
Traditional topics of collective memory research include the relation between history and commemoration, enterprise and reception, consensus and conflict, retrieval and construction of the past, models for and models of reality, and intergenerational continuities and discontinuities of memory. They fail because they are designed to reveal the universals, not the particulars, of collective memory. This project tries to redress the issues stemming from ethnocentric theorizing praxis of the hegemonic Western academic enterprise by closely examining the particulars of the East.
Since collective memory study was inspired in the West, established in the West, and practiced mainly in the West, its insights and excesses must be gauged against the values and experiences of the East. One learns about memory differently by studying it comparatively in specific cultural sites. Such are the kinds of problems this current workshop is aiming to address.
This project’s broader purpose is to clarify current debates and agreements about the past, within and between nations, and to assess how the findings bear on the current state of collective memory scholarship. Behind these three problems is the cultural and historical context in which the field of collective memory now plays itself out.
In sum, my project sheds unique light on the current collective memory discourse by closely examining the way in which East Asian societies internalize memories of past. Memory is a cultural construct, not a byproduct of universal thought processes shaped independent of a specific cultural context.
*Mikyoung Kim and Barry Schwartz eds., Northeast Asia’s Difficult Past: Essays in Collective Memory (Palgrave Macmilan Memory Studies, 2010) is now released as a result of the project report.
Project Details
Term: April 2005 – March 2007
1st workshop: Mar. 7-9, 2006, in Hiroshima
2nd workshop: Mar. 27-28, 2007, in USA
Project Members
- Donald Baker, Director, Centre for Korean Research (CKR) and Associate Professor, Dept. of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia, Canada
- Bruce Cumings, Norman and Edna Freehling Professor of History, University of Chicago
- Julian Dierkes, Keidanren Chair of Japanese Research and Assistant Professor of Sociology, University of British Columbia
- Gary Alan Fine, Professor of Sociology, Northwestern University
- Kazuya Fukuoka, Instructor, Georgia Institute of Technology
- Akiko Hashimoto, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Pittsburgh
- Christine Kim, Assistant Professor of Foreign Service, Georgetown University
- Tim Liao, Professor of Sociology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign
- Xiaohua Ma, Associate Professor of International Studies, Osaka Kyoiku University
- Mike M. Mochizuki, Associate Professor of Political Science and International Affairs, George Washington University
- Jeffrey Olick, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Virginia
- Barry Schwartz, Professor of Sociology, University of Georgia
- Lyn Spillman, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Notre Dame
- Jae-Jung Suh, Assistant Professor of Government, Cornell University
- Bin Xu, Ph.D. candidate in Sociology, Northwestern University
- Xiaohong Xu, Ph.D candidate in Sociology, Yale University
- Guobin Yang, Associate Professor of Asian and Middle Eastern Cultures, Barnard College, Columbia University
- Takashi Yoshida, Assistant Professor of History, Western Michigan University
- Gehui Zhang, Ph.D candidate in Sociology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign
- Libin Zhang, Ph.D candidate in Sociology, University of Illinois-Urbana Champaign
- Mikyoung Kim, Assistant Professor, Hiroshima Peace Institute (Project Coordinator)
- Kazumi Mizumoto, Associate Professor, Hiroshima Peace Institute (Supervisor)