2003年2月28日 HPI研究フォーラム
講師 イアン・マドックス（フリンダーズ大学名誉教授）
1. テーマ
「対人地雷――現代軍事作戦のモデルと平和活動家に対する挑戦」
2. 日時
2003年2月28日(金） 14:30～17:00
3. 場所
まちづくり市民交流プラザ 6階 マルチメディアスタジオ
4. 講演の概要
現代の戦争は、そのテクノロジー、倫理そして戦略の面において諸々の変化を経てきた。これらの変化は、民族間、国家間の平和的関係を提唱する人達にとってはたいへんやっかいな問題を生み出しており、そのため戦争回避のためにはますます複雑な努力が必要となってきている。重装備された軍隊は、安全で離れた場所から正確に目標を攻撃破壊できるような様々な武器と爆発物を駆使して、戦争を遂行しようとする。テロ活動は秘密行動をとり、核・化学・生物兵器使用の危険性をもはらむようになっている。こうした状況の変化により、一般の市民が紛争による直接的あるいは間接的な犠牲者となっており、市民を巻きぞえにすることが軍事戦略として当然視されている。かくして、軍隊の交戦ルールといわれるものは、ますます無視されてきている。
20世紀における対人地雷の使用は、このような戦争形態の変化を予示していた。当初は町を包囲攻撃するためや、予想される軍隊の進路を阻むために配置されていたが、後には境界線を明確にしたり、特定領域への進入通路を阻むために、また、軍・市民の両方を威嚇するために使用されるようになった。今日では、小型で安価、また容易に運べる形になった対人地雷が、公式戦闘地域から離れた場所に、無差別に撒き散らされている。微少の圧力で作動する巧妙な技術が地雷の探知・除去を難しくしており、また、空中からの投下や砲弾としての使用をも可能にしている。地雷は、遠方から打撃を与えるだけでなく、隠れた場所から、突然かつ唐突に攻撃し、まさにテロ攻撃と同様なものである。地雷は惨たらしい手足の切断や死を引き起こし、犠牲者は集中治療、回復、リハビリを必要とする。
医者は、地雷犠牲者への治療という直接の職務を通して、地雷に対して特別な関心を抱いており、核戦争防止国際医師会議（IPPNW）はこれを大量破壊兵器と定義している。（一度に大量破壊をおこすのではなく、少しずつ破壊するというタイプのものではあるが。）それゆえ、IPPNWはその平和提言の中に核戦争防止、核・生物・化学兵器の廃絶と共に、これら地雷兵器の製造、輸出、配置の防止をも含めている。
故ダイアナ王妃といった著名人らの活動の結果、多くの国で罪のない子供や女性たちが何百万という数の対人地雷の犠牲になっている事実が明らかになり、世界中で対人地雷に対する強い嫌悪感が生まれた。これは退役軍人、平和団体、政府（特にカナダだが、他の多くの国々の政府からの支援も含む）の力強い結束を促進し、世界的な運動となった。その結果、ついには国連加盟国の大多数の国々に、これらの兵器使用禁止に同意させることに成功した。このような運動の過程、つまり通常の国連機構の外で行われる武器廃絶運動が、核兵器廃絶を達成するためにも有効なモデルとされている。しかしながら、主要な大国、とりわけ米国が、このような国連外での運動過程やその結果を尊重することを拒否していることが、大きな障害として残っている。
（田中利幸 広島平和研究所教授）
5. イアン・マドックス氏の略歴
1931年12月29日オーストラリアのビクトリアに生まれる。イアン・マドックス教授は1955年メルボルン大学医学部を卒業し、メルボルンで内科専門医としての研修に従事し、その一環として、太平洋諸島における高血圧に関する研究を完成し、医学博士号を取得。1961年パプアニューギニアのパプア医科大学の講師に任命され、後にパプアニューギニア大学の臨床科学部の初代学部長兼教授となった。
1975年にオーストラリアに戻り、フリンダーズ医療センターにおいて准教授兼上級専門医に任命される。1988年にフリンダーズ大学にて末期患者苦痛緩和医療部の初代学部長、教授に任命され、1998年に引退した。
1999年に名誉教授に任命されたが、その後も臨床医療職務を続け、フリンダーズ大学の修士課程で教職や大学院生の指導にあたっている。1998年以来、国際的な学術雑誌である『末期患者苦痛緩和医療の進歩』の編集者も務めている。
マドックス教授は、戦争防止、また軍事紛争が健康に及ぼす影響に多大な関心を持ってきた。1985年にIPPNWがノーベル平和賞を授与されたとき、IPPNWの副会長を務めており、1989年広島で開かれた第9回IPPNW議会開催準備に際しては、日本支部との連絡調整に当った。1999年、ケニアでワークショップを開催し、それはIPPNWによるアフリカ地雷被害者の初期治療に関する発表へとつながった。現在はIPPNWの理事会議長。1990年からオーストラリア外務貿易相によって設立された平和・軍縮全国諮問委員会の会長も務めている。
HPI Research Forum on February 28, 2003
Anti-Personnel Land Mines: a Model of Modern Military Practice, and a Challenge for Peace Activists
By Ian Maddocks, Emeritus Professor at Flinders University of South Australia
1. Topic
"Anti-Personnel Land Mines: a Model of Modern Military Practice, and a Challenge for Peace Activists"
2. Date and Time
February 28 (Fri.), 2003, 14:30-17:00
3. Venue
The Hiroshima City Plaza for Town Development through Citizens Exchange (F6, Multi Media Studio)
(6-36, Furkuromachi, Naka-ku, Hiroshima city)
4. Abstract of the lecture
Modern warfare has undergone changes in technologies, ethics and strategies. Those changes constitute challenges for advocates of peaceful relationships between peoples and nations and complicate efforts to prevent war. Well-equipped armies seek to wage war from a safe distance with accurately directed destruction employing many destructive modalities as well as explosive force. Terrorist activities utilize secrecy and stealth with potential use of nuclear, chemical or biological weapons. In these developments civilians become the major direct as well as indirect casualties of conflict, and their involvement a recognised military strategy. The supposed rules of engagement for armies are increasingly ignored.
The use of anti-personnel landmines in the 20th Century foreshadowed elements of this evolution in warfare. Initially deployed as part of laying siege to a city or obstructing the predicted passage of an army, landmines began to be used to define boundaries, to deny access to lands, and to terrorize both military and civilian populations. Now being made in small, cheap and readily portable forms they can be scattered indiscriminately and apart from situations of formal conflict. Sophisticated refinements to simple pressure-activated munitions help landmines avoid detection and escape removal, or allow them to be deployed from the air or via artillery shells. Landmines not only damage from a distance, but they are hidden, sudden and unexpected, just like a terrorist attack. They cause terrible mutilation as well as death and require intense medical effort for resuscitation, repair and rehabilitation.
Doctors have a special interest through their direct responsibility for the care of landmine victims and International Physicians for Prevention of War categorized anti-personnel landmines as weapons of mass destruction ('in slow motion'). IPPNW therefore included the prevention of manufacture, export, deployment and use of these weapons as part of its peace advocacy, along with the prevention of nuclear war and the elimination of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
When the real impact on innocent children, women and farmers of the many millions of anti-personnel landmines already laid in so many countries was revealed by prominent personalities such as the Princess Diana, a world-wide revulsion resulted. This accelerated the building of a powerful coalition of veteran service personnel, peace groups and governments (particularly Canada, but with the support of many others) in a global campaign which eventually succeeded in achieving a ban on these weapons, agreed to by a majority of the members of the United Nations. That process, operating outside the usual UN mechanisms has been seen a potential model for achieving the elimination of nuclear weapons also. However, the refusal by key powers, particularly the United States, to adhere to any such process or outcome remains a major obstacle.
5. Abstract of the forum
It is reported that between 1985 and 1996 the U.S. produced more than four million anti-personnel mines. By 1992 the number of anti-personnel mines that the U.S. exported to Cambodia reached 600,000. During the 1980s and early 1990s the former Soviet Union, China and Italy were responsible for most of the remaining 5-10 million mines produced annually. Currently, the major producers of anti-personnel mines are Russia, China and the U.S.
There were thousands of landmine deaths and injuries reported in 70 countries in 2001-02. Among them Afghanistan and Chechnya produced the largest number of casualties--well over one thousand in each region. It is estimated that the total casualties of land mines in the world hitherto could be several million.
Professor Maddocks' paper takes the viewpoint that the use of a large number of anti-personnel mines in almost all regions in arms-conflict is similar to a terrorist attack, as these weapons were scattered not only on the battlefields, but in areas not associated with formal conflict. Hidden as they are, they suddenly and unexpectedly attack civilians and are a threat that persists for decades. Increasingly, modern military practice causes far more death and injury to civilians than it does to combatants. Because of the numerous numbers of casualties due to land mines, it is not surprising that anti-personnel mines have been called "weapons of mass destruction in slow motion."
In his presentation, Professor Maddocks graphically illustrated the impact of landmine explosions on the human body with detailed images and medical descriptions, demonstrating just how inhumane these weapons are. He made clear why IPPNW includes the prevention of manufacture, export, deployment and use of land mines as part of its peace advocacy, along with the prevention of nuclear war and the elimination of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons.
In 1997, the so-called Ottawa Treaty – Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction - was adopted and signed by 100 nations. This was the result achieved by the strong coalition movement of veterans' group, various peace groups and governments of some middle power nations such as Canada, Belgium, Norway and Austria. It was an epoch-making event in terms of getting a majority of members of the United Nations to agree and cut through established U.N. processes.
The point made by Professor Maddocks, is that such a process, operating outside the usual U.N. mechanisms, could serve as a model for achieving the elimination of nuclear weapons. That suggestion is a potential source of inspiration and encouragement for the people in Hiroshima who have been tirelessly calling for the abolition of such weapons ever since August 1945. However, Professor Maddocks also pointed out the problem that the refusal by key powers, particularly the U.S., to adhere to such a political process or outcome remains a major obstacle. When we consider the fact that the U.S. recently waged war against Iraq, ignoring the established decision-making process of the United Nations, it is clearly urgent for us to confront such unjustifiable behavior, and to develop an effective means to change reliance on nuclear weapons by working both outside and inside the U.N. mechanisms.
(By Yuki Tanaka, professor at HPI)
6. Profile of Prof. Ian Maddocks
Born Victoria, Australia 29/12/1931.
Qualifications: MBBS (Melb) MD (Melb) FRACP, FAFPHM, FAChPM, DTM&H.
Ian Maddocks graduated in medicine in 1955 and completed training as a specialist in internal medicine in Melbourne, including research studies on hypertension in the Pacific Islands for the award Doctor of Medicine. In 1961 he was appointed lecturer at the Papuan Medical College in Papua New Guinea and was subsequently Foundation Dean and Professor of Clinical Sciences at the University of Papua New Guinea.
He returned to Australia in 1975, and was appointed Associate Professor and Senior Medical Specialist at the Flinders Medical Centre. He was appointed Foundation Professor of Palliative Care at Flinders University in 1988, retiring from this Chair at the end of 1998.
Appointed Emeritus Professor in 1999, Ian Maddocks continues clinical responsibilities, the supervision of postgraduate students and teaching in the Master's Programme of Flinders University. He has been Editor of the international journal Progress in Palliative Care since 1998.
Professor Maddocks has maintained a strong interest in the prevention of war and the health consequences of military conflict. He was a Vice President of International Physicians for Prevention of Nuclear War (IPPNW) at the time of the award of the Nobel Prize for Peace to IPPNW in 1985, and helped liaise with the Japanese affiliate in the preparation of the 9th Congress of IPPNW in Hiroshima in 1989. In 1999 he led a workshop in Kenya which prepared an IPPNW publication on the primary care of landmine sinjuries in Africa. He is currently Chairman of the Board of Directors of IPPNW. Since 1990 he has been Chairman of the National Consultative Committee for Peace and Disarmament established by Australia's Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade.